What is carcinoma in situ (CIS)?
Cancer treatment success and survival rates are significantly higher when it is diagnosed in its earlier stages. The earliest stage, stage 0, is also known as carcinoma in situ. At this stage, cells have not yet become cancerous and spread to other locations, but they have the potential to do so.
Common types of carcinoma in situ
- Bladder carcinoma in situ. An estimated 3% of all first-time bladder cancers are in situ. Male smokers between 60 and 70 years-old are particularly at risk.
- Cervical carcinoma in situ. Pre-cancerous cells can sometimes reside in the surface layer of the cervix, and can usually be detected by pap smear tests.
- Bowen disease. Named after the scientist who discovered it, Bowen disease is a type of skin cancer where pre-cancerous cells generate on parts of the body most frequently exposed to the sun, such as the face, ears and neck.
- Ductal Carcinoma in situ(DCIS) & Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)
The stage 0 of breast cancer (developed in the breast ducts and lobules respectively)which is difficult to detect; however, breast self-exams and routine screening are still important to early diagnosis. - Colorectal carcinoma in situ. The earliest stage of colorectal cancer, also known as intramucosal carcinoma (Tis). The tumour has not grown beyond the inner layer of the colon or rectum.
How to treat carcinoma in situ?
Surgery is a common treatment option, allowing doctors to remove the pre-cancerous cells before they have a chance to turn malignant and spread beyond their original site. In certain cases, radiation may help to reduce the risk of cancer cell recurrence.
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